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This article expands and broadens John Rawls’ Theory of Justice to outline a society in which free citizens work together, within principles of political justice, towards the ecological and social sustainability of their cooperation. The conceptual framework of the “Donut” by ecological economist Kate Raworth is used to propose an additional principle, called the “Principle of Sustainability,” which takes lexicographic precedence over the two classic Rawlsian principles (Equal Basic Liberties, Difference Principle). One of the main implications of this new principle is that the notion of “circumstances of justice” must be extended to environmental realities (pollution, resource scarcity, ecological overshoot, etc.), so that economic degrowth becomes an integral part of a Rawlsian theory for the Anthropocene. As for objections regarding the alleged psychological and political unfeasibility of degrowth, they must be evaluated in light of a revision of the notion of free and equal citizenship behind the veil of ignorance, which this article also details by showing that ecological knowledge must be part of the basic knowledge mobilized by free citizens in their deliberations on the principles of justice.