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From the 1880s on, Lorraine and Luxembourg were marked by a powerful development of the mining and steel-making industries. In the 1960s, iron mines and then the steel industry faced increasing difficulties, leading to dozens of thousands of job losses and brutal economic restructuring. It has become commonplace to contrast Luxembourg, now a prosperous financial centre, and Lorraine, which purportedly failed in its post-industrial transition. The industrial and social history of these two neighbouring territories, from the 1960s to the early 2010s, enables us to compare their deindustrialization, the commonalities and differences in the ways they coped with it, as well as the results of their restructuring measures.