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Oil contracts between states and oil companies expose public treasuries to the risk of shortfalls. This risk is linked to the systemic risk of volatile oil prices and to the operational risk linked to agents’ opportunistic behavior. The resulting low traceability of petroleum tax information weakens the accounting and financial reporting between the parties, who cannot obtain optimal gains. The latter must settle for satisfactory earnings. However, in a situation of information asymmetry, the control of risks linked to petroleum tax regimes depends on the degree of information traceability and on the relevance of the gain evaluation model available to the parties. In this article, we apply this approach to petroleum contracts in Congo, where petroleum taxation is governed by Law 24-54 of August 23, 1994, concerning the hydrocarbon code, the general tax code, and the investment code.