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All existing testimony emphasizes the difficulty that Jews had in reintegrating into post-war French society. Jean-Jacques Bernard’s bitter cry at the moment of his liberation from the Compiègne concentration camp « We were expected not to speak of our sufferings » speaks volumes to this phenomenon. The defense organizations of temporary administrators and spoliators of Jewish property reveal a collection of arguments that rest on a well-established undercurrent of antisemitism in order to defend the indefensible. The archives of resistance member Lucien Rachline, uncovered by his son, or the testimony of Gérard Garouste regarding his father who participated in the spoliation of Jewish property, completes the picture. But in the end, it was the role of institutions (Caisse des dépôts and consignations, etc.) that appears to be the most damning.