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Introduction In France, students from both a medicine and a pharmacy background can take up a residency in laboratory medicine (LM). The current curriculum of LM residency includes an early option choice after the first two years of residency, which subsequently guides the rest of the training. This study aimed to analyze these choice and motivational factors since implementation of this initiative in 2017. Materials and methods A national survey was conducted among LM residents and former residents who underwent the early option choice process. A questionnaire was developed and sent to residents via Google Forms. Several groups of items corresponding to potential motivational factors were included and rated on a 5-point Likert scale. A psychometric analysis enabled identification of the main motivational factors. Results A total of 178 responses from twenty-four residency areas were recorded. The median age was twenty-eight years, with a slight female predominance (52%), and three-quarters of the participants had a pharmacy training background. The “hematology and immunology” option was the most chosen (35%). The psychometric analysis enabled identification of seven motivational factors, the most important of which is the training during the residency, which weighs approximately 21% in the choice. Several links have been observed between the motivational factors on the one hand, and residents’ background training, origin, chosen option, and planned career on the other. Conclusion Several factors influence the choice of early option among LM residents, and some of these factors are linked to residents’ background training, origin, chosen option, and planned career.