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Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), or synthetic endocannabinoid receptor agonists, were initially created for basic research into exocannabinoid signaling pathways, as well as for clinical research into their analgesic properties. The use of SCs for recreational purposes is a recent phenomenon, but one that has grown very quickly in recent years, since these molecules now form the main category of new psychoactive substances (NPSs). This literature review aims to bring together current data about the use of SCs and the effects they have in humans. It looks at the relationship between the structure and activity of these SCs, their pharmacology and adverse effects, and finally the different methods of analyzing them. A better understanding of SCs is essential to raise awareness among stakeholders in the health field.