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The lives of mothers and infants are closely intertwined during pregnancy, birth, and even after childbirth, which explains why their health has long been treated jointly by medicine. The number of historical studies on the subject has increased over the last few decades, but these studies remain widely scattered and rarely combine the two categories. This article therefore proposes a historiographical and bibliographical review of the health of mothers and children under two years of age in Europe (France, British Isles, Germanic countries, Italy, and Spain) between the Renaissance and the 1870s.The sources and approaches used by historians since the end of the nineteenth century are presented first. Historical research, the state of knowledge, and new avenues of research concerning each stage of the maternity process are then considered (conception, pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding). The final section is devoted more specifically to studies on infant health and care.