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The article focuses on the work which had the widest circulation in the context of the liberation struggles of the 1960s and 70s : The Wretched of the Earth. Peter Worsley stresses the originality of a work which emphasised the need for a theoretical and practical rehabilitation of the lumpenproletariat, that underclass denigrated by orthodox Marxism. Thus while Fanon’s intellectual genealogy reveals his primary interest for black demands, for Worsley, he is above all a thinker of the revolution, in the Marxist sense of the term, whose contribution was a rethinking of the notions of class and revolutionary strategy. It is in particular through his efforts to think through the alliance between the peasantry and the urban under-proletariat that Fanon manages to grasp the originality of the social formations of the emerging Third World.