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This contribution studies the philosophical anthropology of Karl Löwith by examining his habilitation thesis, Das Individuum in der Rolle des Mitmenschen (1928). The study of this work, which Löwith tells us is “anthropologically thought out,” will enable us to establish the initial framework of his anthropology, the aim of which we will show to be ethical. It is probably here, as we will demonstrate by looking at Gadamer’s reading of Löwith, that the true distance with Heideggerian ontology takes place, even while Löwith’s thinking seeks to expunge his anthropology from all anthropocentrism.