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Following the death of Stalin in 1953, the Soviet Union’s rekindling of international relations fostered the genesis and gradual institutionalization of a sociological discipline reflective of inputs from the US social sciences while being constrained by orthodox Marxism. This article traces the expansion and crises of this discipline until the 1970s. It then briefly sketches subsequent developments, up to Putin’s regime. It underscores that the ambiguous relationship between Soviet sociology and political authorities reflected the hybridization of two contradictory “raisons d’État” (reasons of state) fostered by competing fractions of the communist party. The first, inherited from the Stalinist political order, propounded a hegemonic pedagogy of the masses, leaning on a doctrine of the social classes opposing socialist and bourgeois societies. By contrast, the second fostered sociology’s function as a population management expertise. These tensions within Soviet and Russian sociology constitute a petri-dish of a wider structuring feature of the discipline: the often-strained cohabitation between a critical pole grappling with political authorities, and a more professionally oriented pole engaged in “useful” usages of sociological methods and knowledge.