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Taking the Theory of Valuation (1939) as its main jumping-off point, the aim of this article is to recall the main contours of Dewey’s theory of values, stressing the fact that it is fully within the scope of empiricist analysis—as opposed to the position of logical empiricism embodied here by Alfred Ayer—and that it makes it possible, in an original way, to reconstruct the continuum from the biological to the social. The aim is to show that a “politics of values” is thus possible because their naturalization, i.e., their anchoring in desires and interests, makes them debatable. The tension between nature and history then defines a space for the critique of values.