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The article examines the evolution of schooling and inequalities in post-primary Burkina Faso and the factors associated with it. Three household surveys carried out between 2003 and 2014 were mobilized. The gross intake rate at the post-primary level has almost doubled during this period. Progress is more important for the gross enrollment rate. On the other hand, the net enrollment rate and post-primary completion rate remained low. The implementation of education policies has reduced gender inequalities in access to the post-primary cycle, but the problem of retention in school is more acute for girls, illustrating poor performance of the education system. Factors associated with post-primary schooling are socio-economic, cultural and contextual, but with specificities according to sex and place of residence. The child’s family status, co-residence with biological parents, level of education and religion of the head of household, the standard of living in the household, distance to the nearest secondary school, region and area of residence are significantly associated with access to post-primary.