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The Arab Spring (2011) marked a geopolitical turning point in the countries of the Southern Mediterranean, a change characterised by the regimes’ struggle for political survival and a reshaping of the political and geopolitical landscape. The influence of the United States, dominant in the 1990s and 2000s, now appears to be in decline, raising questions about the American resilience and interest in the region, as well as the potential roles of Russia and China. Regional dynamics are also influenced by the evolving roles of countries such as Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Iran, and Turkiye. Concurrently, the emergence of non-State actors in some countries of the region is redefining power dynamics. The Middle East, a region marked by uncertainty, continues to undergo transformations that highlight a gradual erosion of the sovereignty of traditional states.