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This article considers the reception of subaltern studies in France. Its two starting points are, on the one hand, the uses which were made of Gramsci’s theses on “the subaltern”, depending on the various translations which were adopted and, on the other hand, the circulation within social history of the theses of E. P. Thompson (belatedly translated into French). While social history in France does not make explicit reference to the findings of subaltern studies as it first emerged, it nonetheless pursued a parallel approach, at least until the end of the “1968 era”, prior to the delegitimation of Marxism in social studies in France. The situation today is characterized by the circulation of the translations which make available the culturalist and postmodernist current within subaltern studies, by a renewed interest for subjective experience, for popular movements of revolt and for a social history “from below”.