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This article suggests analyzing the way the medical speech concerning the prevention in sexuality and in reproduction repositions the relations between men and women in the context of the HIV. It bases itself on conversations made with patients and with health professionals in Yaounde (Cameroon) between 2003 and 2007. The data show that men place the sanitary risk of transmission to the partner before the social, family and emotional risks related to the lack of reproduction while women join an inverse hierarchy of the risks, in spite of the orders of the system of care and the hesitations of their partner. It seems upstream that the actors of care insist more, in their preventive advices with the men, on the risk of transmission of the virus to the partner.