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Henri Piéron began his scientific career in 1900, in the laboratory founded by Édouard Toulouse, and soon became his chief collaborator. Piéron left this laboratory in 1912, but remained close to Toulouse. They were guided by the same epistemological views—positivism and scientism—and the same political views, as republicans who emphasized equality of opportunity. A study of Toulouse’s letters to Piéron reveals their close working relationship. Piéron played an active role in the development of careers counseling in France. He and Toulouse shared the idea that careers guidance should be based on the identification of hereditary aptitude. The practices that were later implemented took a very different approach.