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This article analyzes the contradictions between neo-developmentalist and environmental policies of the Brazilian governments of Luis Ignacio Da Silva (Lula) and Dilma Rousseff. Beginning with a survey of the Brazilian contribution to global change, then focusing on the Amazonian region, it shows that Brazilian development policies materialized in the Programs for the Acceleration of Growth and the alliance of government with capitalist interests, putting the Amazonian ecosystems and traditional populations in danger. This has been particularly the case since the resignation of Lula's Minister of the environment, Marina Silva, and more so under the presidency of Dilma Rousseff. Based on this analysis, the article presents the premises of an ecological revolution, of eco-socialist alternatives to capitalism and its deleterious effects. Alternatives that are built and carried forth by the socio-environmental movements.