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Nowadays, mental health policies in Western societies follow the guidelines of biology, which are legitimated by neuroscience. This raises the issue of the efficacy of psychoanalysis. This debate questions a certain notion of Freud’s discovery, its actuality, and its relevance. It is not a new issue as its contours appear throughout the history of psychoanalysis. In this paper, the author underlines the need for a modern theoretical framework in order to assess the place of psychoanalysis in society and to examine its epistemology.