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Nuclear deterrence plays a fundamental role in preserving international peace and stability since the end of the Second World War. It is now in a paradoxical situation. The nuclear issue is back on the front stage (as illustrated by the June 12 Summit between Kim Jong-un and Donald Trump or the uncertain future of the Iran nuclear deal). At the same time, a prohibitionist logic of nuclear weapon is durably anchored in the international landscape, with the recent adoption of a treaty banning nuclear weapons.In this “new era of strategic piracy,” as France makes major choices with its 2019-2025 military planning law that will engage several generations, nuclear deterrence is faced with three major debates today and for the future: a strategic debate, a debate on the legitimacy of nuclear weapons and a technological and scientific debate.