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This article investigates the emergence of a new industry. Few studies have explored this critical phase of the industrial life cycle. It is, however, a very important phase since it shapes the next steps of the industry’s development. Building on a historical case study focusing on the development of the space industry, this article insists on the role played by defense-related organizations (ministry of defense, military) in initiating, supporting, and legitimating the development of the space industry.JEL Codes: L6, L64, O30, O31, O50