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This article aims to shed light on the role of colonial doctors in the colonisation undertaken by France from the 1850s to the 1960s. The aim was to study the missions and responsibilities of these doctors who were appointed to posts in the colonies. They were the providers of healthcare for the colonizers, but they also catered for the health of the colonised peoples. Appearing as major promoters of the colonial project, they contributed to the recruitment of manpower and soldiers, while at the same time contributing to the construction of knowledge as well as to tenacious stereotypes concerning “black bodies”.