4

In the formerly occupied Asian countries, the memory of colonialist and militarist Japan is marked by huge dissimilarities. Very present in Korean and Chinese historical-political discourses, that memory is much less central in Southeast Asia. The qualification of imperial Japan behaviour is even more at variance. In North as well as South Korea and in China, the reference to Nazi Germany is ubiquitous: Japan tends to be the focus of an education at hatred. Elsewhere, qualifications are more moderate, or contradictory, if not positive or nostalgic, such as among a fraction of Taiwanese independentists or among Malaysian Malays and Indians.