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For half a century, theories of development have veered between blind confidence in the capacity of the State and hopes for a more dynamic force arising from actors regulated by the market. However, each one of these predominant currents has had its controversies. Neo-Keynesians have had to deal with the transformation of the Marxist analysis and the widening of the structuralist vision. Meanwhile, neo-Walrasians remain challenged by the refusal of the market system to enlarge or by theories of imperfect markets.