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This article aims to reflect the debates sparked by Latin America’s New Left’s criticisms of microfinance, which experienced a dramatic boom during the last decades of neoliberal policies. It reports on an international conference held in November 2012 in Antwerp, where about fifty participants shared their different national experiences as well as divergent analyses and views. The challenge of the conference was to get researchers and people involved in microfinance to talk with various “representatives” of Latin America’s New Left. The conference, as well as this article, focused on papers analysing the financial inclusion strategies endorsed by these movements and aimed to determine microfinance prospects in this new political context. In conclusion, questions raised during the conference make it possible to outline the axes of a future research program on the issue.