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Environmental migration is an issue subject to a multitude of competing terminology. Its construction as a “public problem” at the international level has stabilized around the issue of climate change. Focusing attention on renewed efforts to understand this complex phenomenon, as well as the diversity of theoretical approaches and policies that have been formulated around it, this article highlights the need for a shift in the analytical framework: to consider adaptation projects as “actants” that produce their own political effects in fragile contexts of action, which would allow us to develop institutional responses more in tune with the needs and expectations of vulnerable populations. The example of the Sahel is used to illustrate this.