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This article analyzes the process by which the challenges of the energy transition have gradually been incorporated into the international agenda, reinterpreted in the light of the issue of sustainable development and the tensions between the approaches of weak and strong sustainability. Highlighting the ambivalence of the ways in which these two concepts are appropriated and translated into public policies, this article shows that the drift of sustainable development toward green growth reveals the triumph of the neoliberal vision of weak sustainability, which favors a similarly weak techno-economic energy transition. This weak energy transition, linked to a mere marginal adjustment of development trajectories, works against an eco-centered transition that would mark a more radical transformation toward energy sobriety and strong sustainability.