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Few working-class children attended vocational education during the second industrialization. Workers’ attitudes towards training, however, evolved in relation to economic and social changes as well as technical transformations. At the end of the 19th century, despite the lack of massification of this education before the 1940s and the limited participation of working-class representatives in the governance of vocational education institutions, there was a gradual and pragmatic redeployment of technical culture within the workers' culture, through a wide variety of experiences, from courses for locally organized workers to labour scholarships including vocational education.