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At a time when international organizations view family farming as the best way to ensure food and land security, issues related to the arrival of foreign agribusiness investors in farmland in sub-Saharan Africa need to be examined. In this paper we focus on the case of the Republic of Congo. First we studied the country’s agricultural and food situation, which according to the Congolese government justifies their decision to appeal to private foreign investors in order to diversify a rent economy based on oil through agricultural development and hence to cut down the food bill and attempt to ensure the country’s food security. The second part of the study examines the land law reform. The arrival of foreign investors in farmland raises the issues of access to land, the government’s strategy for attracting them and the safety of customary landowners.