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This article reconsiders the debates which took place during the conference “Between knowledge and action: cross perspectives on climate and environmental issues” held in December 2016 at the Centre national d’études spatiales headquarters in Paris. Climatologists sometimes mention feeling a certain indifference of the human and social sciences vis-à-vis their calls for mobilization in defense of the “climate cause”. Recent research programs have stimulated cooperation between researchers from various disciplines thus making participants aware of the interest of a continuous confrontation between their different approaches. This critical synthesis reports on the main lessons of the meeting and invites to move forward by considering climatology as a formal social science that could link axiomatic and metrological reasoning on data with phenomenology and social investigations “on the ground”.