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The implementation creates problems for european countries (transposition of EU directives into national law and concerning infringements of the european union environmental law). The North / South dichotomy doesn’t summarize all by itself the difficult implementation of EU directives including WFD. However, the quantitative issue (« scarcity ») and compliance with WFD environmental goals increase that EU mediteranean countries vulnrability. New governance framework appears for water resources management but doesn’t seem conducive to the emerge of the conditions necessary to take up the water management challenges in the EU.