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Recalling the basic elements of Sophocles’s play Oedipus Rex, whose emblematic influence we recognize in the psychoanalytical understanding of incest and its prohibition, the author discusses another tragedy by Sophocles, Oedipus Coloneus, the final play written by Sophocles and only performed after his death. This work shows that the evolution from Oedipus Rex to Oedipus Coloneus is connected to changes in Athenian laws of the period with regard to filiation, and that through these two plays, Sophocles, well before Freud’s time, was able to bring his fellow citizens to consider their dynamic unconscious fantasies. As with Freud, Sophocles’s structure of family ties was quite complex, and today it brings us to take the theme of family novels into account as very heuristic for medically assisted procreation. This reflection also questions responsibility and guilt when incest occurs without knowledge of filial ties.