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After recalling the psychoanalytical approach to the notion of trauma and the concept of post-traumatic stress disorder (particularly in children), the authors propose the concept of interpersonal trauma, which is frequently associated with the issue of intrafamilial violence. A review of different risk factors is then set out: the child’s age, temperament, the intensity of the traumatic event, the type of mother-child interactions, the role and place of the father and, finally, intrafamilial violence itself. A neuroscientific, psychodynamic approach to interpersonal trauma is presented in conclusion.