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Central banks have historically shown extreme plasticity in terms of their mandate, their doctrine and their operational methods of interventions. We show that taking climate sustainability into account is part of this continuous adaptation to changes in the macroeconomic and institutional context in which they operate. We then present the main arguments in favor of extending the mandate of central banks to the climate issue. Finally, we analyze the operational provisions and instruments that this new “green” central banking could promote in terms of monetary policy and macro-prudential policy. JEL codes: N20, E58, Q58.