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Many young people who have experienced family, social and educational difficulties at the time of their placement in residential care are still in a vulnerable position when they come out of the system. Using an international literary review, the first step will be to identify the challenges young people face when they come out of care. The aim is to draw attention to the accumulation of difficulties young people face during these transitional periods as well as to the need to develop support systems to counteract the inequalities they face. Secondly, the article will introduce the theoretical and methodological challenges involved in research done within the framework of studies on the “adult outcome”, i. e., the long-term outcome of young people in care, specifically focusing on the time they leave the childcare system. Based on the shortcomings of existing international studies, the representative longitudinal studies project will be presented in two national contexts – one in France and the other in Quebec.