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This paper presents the methodological framework used in a project aiming to study entrepreneurial representations during the process of setting up a company. Four cases were analyzed (and six entrepreneurs), using a longitudinal approach. We wanted to understand how the representations of the project were constructed, what their real content was, and how they influenced the entrepreneurs’ behavior when setting up their companies. However, the study of the entrepreneurial process already brings to light a certain number of methodological difficulties, added to those related to the study of mental representations. This research focuses on the entrepreneurial process in the period following the decision to create the company, a period that has been rather neglected by researchers. It includes some original methods such as schematization exercises and the visual card sort method to build cognitive cards.