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The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between perceptions of group-based discrimination among smokers and identification with their group. We conducted this research in two European countries: in France where a law forbidding smoking in public places is applied since 2008, and in Romania, where the same law has not been promulgated yet and other existing anti-smoking policies are less rigorous. Results showed that, among French smokers, those who perceived discrimination identified stronger with other smokers than those who perceived less discrimination. No effects of perceived discrimination were found among the Romanian smokers. This study suggests that anti-smoking measures can be efficient only if they do not contribute to a strong perception of discrimination among smokers, which can paradoxically reinforce their group identification.