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In geopolitical terms, Iraq is a zone combining multiple religious groups: it is the borderline between Sunni and Shiite Islam, between the Arab world on the one hand, and the Persian and Turkish worlds on the other. Thus, the Iraqi war seems to reveal the current challenges of the world were identities, religions and cultures have a predominant place when it comes to conflict causes. Instead of the “New Middle East” promised by neo-conservative ideologists, it is rather the catastrophic scenario of the clash of civilizations that seems to be prevailing. It would be premature to condemn today the American project in the ancient Mesopotamia, but the “libanization” of Iraq’s situation forces us to wonder about the influence of the religious issue.