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Francisque Bouillier published Du plaisir et de la douleur in 1865. Pleasure is the result of an action promoting the preservation or the development of being, whereas pain is considered an activity hindered by either an internal or an external obstacle. Deliberately sticking to the physiological approach, Bouillier discarded any moral or metaphysical perspective. Although it fills a gap of the eclectic school, this work would soon be outdated, stuck in a philosophical moment that had come to its end, whereas an experimental and positive current, which would result in the creation a scientific psychology, started to appear.