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Low- and middle-income countries face high financing needs to achieve universal health coverage (UHC) allowing all people to have access to quality health services without incurring financial hardship. This article attempts to show how economic analysis can be mobilized to identify strategies towards UHC. Three complementary areas where economic analysis has a particular added value are presented: (i) resource mobilization and vertical equity; (ii) improving efficiency in resource allocation and horizontal equity; (iii) the operational management of resources, particularly through results-based financing (efficiency). For each, we present a brief overview of the state of the art and indicate some research perspectives. JEL classifications: I1, O23, A12, A13, D610, D630, H2