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This article analyzes the transnational agricultural collective action which has emerged in the name of food sovereignty, in Western Africa, since 2000. It proposes some thoughts about the role of transnational action in a multi-level governance context. The article begins by analyzing the conditions of the emergence of this notion on the international political scene. Based on the study of a transnational collective action on the one hand, and of the Senegalese case on the other, the article then states the hypothesis that the notion of food sovereignty is appropriated by different actors, at times of transnational mobilizations, in order to support national objectives. Thus, the emergence of food sovereignty participates in the politicization of food debates on the international political scene. This term has created some unexpected coalitions in aid of domestic objectives.