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This article proposes to contrast the development agendas of Brazil and China, with reference to their trade. Using stylized facts, the article analyzes the capabilities of their governments in formulating long-term policies aimed at positioning the country in the global economy, while seeking to satisfy internal strategic interests. The article notes that the known risks for the Brazilian economy in its trade relations with China are largely the results of choices and management implemented by the respective governments in the national development processes according to the room for maneuver available.