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Per capita payment has long been considered by experts and economists as a mode of remuneration for general practitioners that is more appropriate than procedure-based payment. Indeed, the latter is likely to cause an increase in demand and greater expenditure. However, since 2000, there has been a reduction in general practitioners managing patients in France; incentives for activity, inherent in procedure-based payment, are now seen as a positive aspect of this type of payment. However, procedure-based payment reduces management to simple face-to-face encounters between a physician and a patient and constitutes an obstacle to delegating tasks and building primary care teams. In this respect, per capita payment seems better suited to the major challenge faced by our healthcare system: to ensure the correct management of chronic patients. Nevertheless, the attachment of French physicians to procedure-based payment is such that, until the mid-2000s, it remained the only mode of remuneration for general practitioners. Since then, in the context of negotiations with the medical profession, the authorities have introduced an element of per capita payment. However, the most recent medical contract—in 2016—caused an abrupt halt to what might have appeared to be a catalyst for gradual changes to the organization of the primary care system.