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Objective: This study analysed the impact of improvement collaborative activities on the quality of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of AIDS in 28 health services in Côte d’Ivoire. Methods: This descriptive, longitudinal, analytical study was based on the main information concerning HIV-infected pregnant women, and the integration and maintenance of HIV-infected subjects in the healthcare system. The study was conducted in 28 heathcare structures of 26 health districts in 12 health areas of Côte d’Ivoire, from January to September 2009. Monitoring of HIV-infected pregnant women and their children was analysed by quality indicators developed in the context of the demonstration phase of the collaborative. Results: This study shows that only 16 (57.1%) out of 28 structures had the 6 PMTCT documents defined in this study. The various quality indicators gradually improved on all sites, from 34.7% to 90.3% of items collected in the PMTCT register; the testing rate of infants born to HIV-positive women increased from 30% to 62.5%. More than 95% of children screened were referred to paediatric care. Conclusion: Improvement collaborative approach is important for the improvement of the quality of PMTCT. However, the sustainability of the results of this approach remains the key challenge and will only be possible on the basis of a quality culture of health workers, and greater commitment of authorities.