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Introduction: The Prevanal study is interested in anal cancer in MSM: a rare cancer linked in 90 % of cases to an infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). Sexually transmitted despite the use of a condom, it affects in particular HIV-positive MSM who are considered a particularly exposed group. Purpose of research: It aims above all to translate an epidemiological problem into a socio-anthropological question focused on sexuality and gender identities. The challenge is to develop a multidimensional approach to this emerging and resurgent health issue among MSM. Results: In this period of biomedicalization of HIV prevention and the predicted end of AIDS, the notion of pleasure or risk associated with the anus as a sexual organ has remained a blind spot in research and must be placed at the center of investigation and analysis. Conclusions: The cultural dimension of the obstacles to the prevention, diagnosis and care of anal cancer among MSM needs to be documented, while identifying the simultaneous unthought of their sexual desires and their health needs.