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In the majority of developed countries, the number of childless men and women has increased, at least if one considers the short term. Among them, we shall focus on those who voluntarily declare themselves childless. We will look at these individuals’ sociological profile and the motives behind their choice, as well as the explanations that can be given for this phenomenon. We will also show that the choice to not have children goes hand in hand with a claim to legitimacy based on freedom of choice and equal treatment of parents and non-parents.