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During the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), the evacuation of thousands of children to France posed a critical question to Spanish government officials and their French partners: Should they be concerned about these children possibly losing their national identity? During the course of the war, various actors answered this question differently, viewing the national identity of Spanish children in variously biological or cultural terms, which led to divergent policies on the ground. This article provides a new example of the strength of nationalist and even eugenicist and racial thought in European left-wing politics, and of the anxieties aroused by the “denationalization” of children displaced by war during the early twentieth century.