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The Commons are coming back intellectually and politically, questioning our subordination to ownership and to any long established, and nearly universal, institutional constructions like State, Law, or Market. To understand the stakes, we have to comprehend its initial and radical originality, by means of an anthropological detour overseas and the observation of contemporary confrontations with the Market and capitalism. We are currently experiencing a twofold revolution: a Copernician rediscovery of ancient and pre-capitalist relationships and a possible rupture with the pre-eminence of ownership. We propose a functional duality in the notion of the Commons.