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This article traces the emergence of a new policy framework in Chilean education policy. Its two bookends are the 2006 “Penguins revolution” and the return to universalism in the presidential message of 2015. Student movements that marked this period were constantly nourished by knowledge and theories developed in specialized forums. From this basis, the student leaders could propel the most massive social mobilizations Chile had seen since the end of dictatorship. It is through the traditional defense of the public sector to a formulation of social rights that student leaders could enlist students from private institutions. The article highlights dialectic of mobilization and problematization as a vehicle for transforming référentiels.