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We propose a general framework for both contextualisation and interpretation of contemporary toponymy. It is based on three different types of territorial restructuring that go with new place names: revolution, restitution and construction. In the revolutionary type, both territorial and toponymic, the eradication of previous forms is the preferred action. Restitution - to dominated minorities and cultures - emphasises practices of identity restoration. During the construction of new territories, practices highlighting heritage and image resources are preferred. Lastly, this paper examines, through different national situations, how these three types can be combined, and the contradictions that are thus revealed.