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RéSUMé Although phonology might seem to be a very abstract part of linguistics, it can be looked upon as a fundamental field of what one might refer to as « involved linguistics » (rather than merely « applied linguistics »). The founding role of functional phonology in the shaping of Martinet’s methods and theory, and thereafter, in the shaping of methods and theories in ground linguistics (particulary in sociolinguistics), is analysed through Martinet and other functionalists’ works. Moreover, functional phonology also suggests useful backgrounds and tools for the teaching of so-called « second » or « foreign » languages. This point is studied by comparing Martinet’s proposals to various sources from the field of language teaching. In conclusion, the author emphasizes the success of functional phonology in « general » linguistics, and stresses ways by which phonology could better involve itself in the teaching of languages. Functional phonology would consequently be of great use for a better comprehension and acceptance of linguistic diversity.